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East Turkistan independence poster showing the blue-and-white separatist flag with a red explosion in the shape of a nuclear cloud with the five yellow stars of the People's Republic of China superimposed.<br/><br/> China used the Lop Nur region of the Taklamakan desert as a nuclear testing site from 1964-1996, during which time 45 nuclear tests were conducted.
East Turkistan independence poster showing the blue-and-white separatist flag with a profile of the Ughur separatist leader Rebiya Kadeer superimposed.<br/><br/> Rebiya Kadeer (born 15 July 1948) is a prominent Uyghur businesswoman and political activist from the northwest region of Xinjiang Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China (PRC). She has been the president of the World Uyghur Congress since November 2006.<br/><br/> Kadeer has been active in defending the rights of the largely Muslim Uyghur minority, who she says has been subject to systematic oppression by the Chinese government. Kadeer is currently living in exile in the United States.
Rooftops of old Aksu, Xinjiang. Photograph by Dutch botanist Frank Nicholas Meyer, 1911.
The earliest mention of Kashgar occurs when a Chinese Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) envoy traveled the Northern Silk Road to explore lands to the west. Another early mention of Kashgar is during the Former Han (also known as the Western Han Dynasty), when in 76 BCE the Chinese conquered the Xiongnu, Yutian (Khotan), Sulei (Kashgar), and a group of states in the Tarim basin almost up to the foot of the Tian Shan mountains.<br/><br/> Ptolemy spoke of Scythia beyond the Imaus, which is in a 'Kasia Regio', probably exhibiting the name from which Kashgar is formed. The country’s people practised Zoroastrianism and Buddhism before the coming of Islam. The celebrated Old Uighur prince Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan converted to Islam late in the 10th century and his Uighur kingdom lasted until 1120 but was distracted by complicated dynastic struggles.<br/><br/> The Uighurs employed an alphabet based upon the Syriac and borrowed from the Nestorian, but after converting to Islam widely used also an Arabic script. They spoke a dialect of Turkic preserved in the Kudatku Bilik, a moral treatise composed in 1065.